Industrial Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industrial Relations - Assignment Example omprehensively covered and provided for at the federal level under the Fair Work Act 2009, which provided for the formation of the Fair Work Commission as the body regulating labor in Australia (Cooper & Ellem, 2009:287). The legislation aimed at replacing numerous state labor laws that were established by different states individually, which did not balance or provide for the requirements of the workers equitably. Nevertheless, this legislation did not take over all the labor responsibilities from the territorial and the state authorities. It only took the responsibility of regulating some of the labor functions nationwide, while leaving some of the labor functions such as safety and health of the workers, workers compensation and workers leave being regulated at both the territorial and the state levels (FWC, 2014:n.p.). However, it is important to understand that the provisions of the Fair Work Act 2009 as regulated at the federal level overrides all the other provisions of different laws enacted both at the territorial and the state levels. This is because this legislation seeks to have the control of the whole labor force field in general (Sheldon, 2008:236). Despite this law being the primary labor law in Australia, there are certain aspects of the labor that are exempted from the coverage of the law. In this respect, the roles of the Australian Fair Work Commission as provided under the Fair Work Act 2009 include: Under the function of the creating fair work places, the role of the Australian Fair Work Commission is to set the minimum wages and minimum work conditions that must be met by the employers (Australia gov.au., 2014:n.p.). In doing this, the Fair Work Commission serves to create a safety net where the employees are protected in terms of the remuneration they receive from the employers, by ensuring that all employers are providing wages that are in line with the set minimum wage requirement. This way, the Australian Fair Work Commission makes

Money and Morality Essay Example for Free

Money and Morality Essay MONEY AND MORALITY: Gifts of eternal truth in moments of the mundane By Cheryl Leis, PhD, Management Consultant/Practical Philosopher As inhabitants of this 21st century Western world, we all have to deal with money. We participate in the world of commerce as a means to obtain those things considered necessities of life. Money plays the role of the most commonly accepted means in this giving and getting from others. And the more money one has, the greater one’s power to regulate the particulars of survival – one’s own and that of others. We use money to participate in the exchange of products or services, individually and corporately – whether employed by or leading an organization. In some cases these organizations are publicly funded non-profits, and in other cases they are private, for-profit ventures. Money and morality is a topic that has surfaced on many occasions in my line of work. One such instance was during a contract with CBC TV to work on the development of a six-part national series titled: â€Å"Beautiful, Filthy Money and the Search for Soul. † The title itself speaks to the ambivalent nature of our responses to money and its presence in our lives. As part of the contract, I appeared as a guest on the panel, where I was asked to complete the following sentence: â€Å"Money is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yes, what is money? My response was: Money is a tool for finding out who we really are. What you do with money, and how you live with money’s presence in your life, tells a lot about your values. Or, as Ralph Waldo Emerson puts it: â€Å"A dollar is not value, but representative of value, and, at last, of moral values. † This is apparently pretty close to what Buddhists believe about money. There are times when many of us are faced with an imbalance between money and morality and find ourselves asking in some form or another: How we can put â€Å"Money† and â€Å"Morality† in the same sentence and not end up with an ethical contradiction? The incompatibility of these Mwords is an inherent, yet complex part of being human. And it is only when we face the truth of their incompatibility that we can come to understand the utter necessity of their coexistence. The challenge stems from the fact that there is both a spiritual side and a material side to our situation. When we don’t bring the spiritual side into dialogue with the material side, problems result. This is true for individuals as well as organizations. Think about Enron – what do you think their way of dealing with money says about the moral values that guided senior management there? Each of us could turn the question on our own lives. Money, in and of itself, is neutral. It has no intrinsic value, but is a mere yardstick of value, a means of measuring or comparing in the exchange of one thing for another. Money â€Å"belongs to the class of great mental inventions, known as 1 measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Measures of distance – the meter or mile – span the gulf between two things or places yet are not themselves things or places. Similarly, money brings things of different value together without becoming one or the other. † Because money is merely a way of measuring, it is in itself, therefore, not real. Thus, money is both neutral and unreal. Nevertheless, we often seem oblivious to this unreal nature of money and equate it with things that are very real, like our own values. But if, as Aristotle says, â€Å"[a]ll things that are exchanged 2 must be somehow comparable,† what are we saying about our perception of reality when we measure our sense of self-worth by our net-worth? While money is a measure of value, that value can change depending on what the market is willing to bear. It’s rather similar to the story of the emperor’s new clothes. As soon as we agree something no longer has value, our whole perception of it changes. This change in the perception of the value of something affects humans psychologically and emotionally. So when the value of stocks falls through the floor, people react in fear or paranoia. Conversely, when stocks rise like crazy, there is frenzy fuelled by hope and even greed. What then, motivates our relationship with money? With what intention do we strive to accumulate wealth? Do we recognize what our relationship with money says about our values? Money Obsessing For some the question of ethics and money leads down another path. In â€Å"Is Lucre Really 3 that Filthy? † Craig Cox, executive editor of Utne magazine, reflects on his own journey from disdain for the almighty dollar as a child of the 60s to becoming – of all things – â€Å"bourgeios,† earning money and learning to manage it. There was the example by a leading voice of the counter-culture of the day, Allen Ginsberg, who wrote in Howl! of burning all his money in a wastebasket. Times have changed – even for Ginsberg, 1. David Appelbaum, â€Å"Money and the City,† Parabola, Volume XVI, No. 1 (Spring 1991), 40. 2. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1133a 18. 3. Craig Cox, â€Å"Is Lucre Really That Filthy,† Utne Reader (July-August, 2003), 63. who â€Å"†¦of course, sold his papers to Stanford University for 4 nearly a million bucks. † The irony, points out Cox, is that social justice activists who want to eschew wealth in order to bring about social justice and help the poor are in fact helping people to attain the very thing they, the activists, abhor: a comfortable life. He sets up an interesting dilemma when he insists that â€Å"If you insist on embracing poverty in your own life, how do you become a credible advocate for folks who would do almost anything to 5 escape it? † True enough, there are those who become enslaved to money in their attachment to mere accumulation of more and more capital. However, there are also those who are enslaved to money in their ascetic avoidance of it. Both are obsessive behaviours: obsessed with having money or obsessed with avoiding it – like the alcoholic’s family that is obsessed with avoiding alcohol. In neither case is money at the service of the individual as a means of providing for the necessities of life; rather, the individual is at the service of money. Our emotional responses to this neutral thing called money often lead to an automatic attachment of value-statements. We grab on to labels such as â€Å"evil,† â€Å"bewitching,† â€Å"aweinspiring,† or â€Å"filthy lucre. † Respect for money is replaced with either worship or condemnation of it. Emotional and value-laden responses are also evident when conversation turns towards money and self-righteous posturing rises very quickly to the surface with comments like: â€Å"Well, I don’t soil my hands with money. † Or: â€Å"I certainly don’t 4. Ibid 5. Ibid work for money. † A lot of judging of others happens: â€Å"He’s just in it for the money. † Or: â€Å"She’d do anything for money. † This judgmental posturing also leads to ideological positioning. Anyone who focuses on making money is immediately dubbed a capitalist and conversely, anyone who speaks of communal sharing is dubbed a socialist. Subtleties are lost and conversation ends right there. No dialogue is possible. We move from love of money to love of ideology, where anyone who thinks differently than I do about money is immediately evil. Spiritual Moments of Mundane Existence To judge from one side or the other is to forget that we inherently have one foot in heaven and one foot in the mud of the earth below. The challenge is to live in both simultaneously. Living as a human being means learning to deal with money – whether one has a lot or a little matters not. It will do us no good to merely pursue a spiritual life unless we are living equally and simultaneously in the material world. Christians are exhorted to remember that even Bishops, or spiritual leaders, are told to balance both. â€Å"For if someone does not know how to manage his own household, how can he take care of God’s church? † (1 Timothy 3:5) A life of wholeness, or one in which the spiritual and the material are in balance, guarantees freedom from distortion. Yet the need for wholeness is also at the heart of the contradiction. The spiritual and the material are of entirely different natures. Not only must they live in the same world, both the spiritual and the human sides of our existence must also have 2 their own identity and remain in full relationship with each other. We have to work at accepting this incompatibility for what it is. These are separate parts of who we are and of our daily existence. These separate parts are in a dynamic relationship one to the other, like notes in a beautiful song: you might have harmony, but you still have separate notes. If they are all the same note, there is not harmony, there is unison. Harmony has tension. It is beautiful because of the tension. Unison is nice, but harmony is richer. Morality And Business Just as it will not help us on an individual level to focus only on the one side of our nature at the expense of the other, likewise it will not help to divide our culture into the spirit-lead and others. It reminds me of a story I recently heard: Two men met for the first time, in of all places, a church on a Sunday morning. The one asked the other: â€Å"So what do you do? † To which the second responded: â€Å"I work as a director of XYZ division of a business. † â€Å"You’re in business? † quipped the first, who was a teacher, â€Å"Oh that’s too bad. † The work of the businessman was seen as inherently less worthy. How far could the conversation go after that? It is a difficult chasm. One finds a classic case of a religious-affiliated venture that refused to acknowledge that it must run itself like a business. After decades of mismanagement, the publishing house cried out to its constituency to get it out of a multi-million debt. One former board member was even quoted in a church publication as saying that this was seen as â€Å"a church venture, not a business venture. † The mistake lay in this eitheror posture. There was no acknowledgment that gifts and talents and skills of different sorts were needed. The disdain goes the other way too. One has only to think of the now infamous corporations like Enron or Livenet, where the situation is merely the reverse: a business enterprise that lacks spiritual sense, and results in moral bankruptcy. If our moral principles give us the framework within which we operate and the ability to continue operating depends upon financial viability, then integrity is automatically lost for any organization when either half of the morality and money equation is lost. Balancing the Equation Only when we pay attention and only when we come to recognize the true place and role we have allowed money in our lives, only then can we possibly hope to reach a deeper understanding of how important a balance between the material and the spiritual is. This deeper understanding may only come in flashes, only fleetingly. Yet the truth that is understood in an instant opens us up to the truth of our everyday actions and existence. In other words, we must become conscious, we must become aware of our human condition – this life lived in a dynamic balance between the spiritual and the material – and be attentive to both. But instead of giving the right amount of attention to those mundane and material aspects of life like taxes and monetary demands put upon us, we often get caught in a bias against money. We would rather point fingers and condemn in broad strokes than engage in dialogue of particular money matters. We would rather alienate than seek to understand. Instead of casting judgment or pretending we, personally, are above being affected by money, we need to face our human situation and recognize we live in two worlds simultaneously. Maybe then we would do a better job of living in both. â€Å"If great truth does not enter into our relation to money, it cannot 6 enter our lives. † And if we do not allow ourselves to face that truth, the negative aspects of our relationship to money will sneak up on us unawares. Bad debts, overdue bills, or an empty fridge will suddenly demand so much of our human attention that we will have no energy left to focus on matters of the spirit. Undeniably, it can be a challenge to live out our moral principles in the marketplace; it is inherent in the challenge of being spiritual and human at the same time. Not giving enough attention to either the spiritual or the material, on an individual or an organizational level, leads to bankruptcy, whether moral or financial. In his book, Business and the Buddha, Dr. Lloyd Field states, â€Å"greed is a choice. † We can choose to allow our insatiable desires to form our intentions or we can choose to recognize where our intentions are ultimately leading us. It is not money or wealth or even the capitalist system that is the problem, he argues. Buddhists regard wealth as neither bad nor negative. Rather, the problem sits plainly with us, human beings, and the intentions which we allow to motivate our thoughts, our emotions and our actions. It cannot be stated any clearer than said in this book: we are exhorted to â€Å"continually make the connection between money and human values. † And then the question that really gets to the heart of the matter: â€Å"What price do we put on our ethics? † We will need to move past our biases and disdain for those whom we consider to be on the other side of the money and morality equation and allow moments of eternal truth and even grace to infiltrate our discussions and our questions. When all gifts and skills are welcome and when integrity is our priority, then there will be the possibility of a true and dynamic relationship between money matters and morality. 6. Needleman, 265.

Explain details about word processing.

Explain details about word processing. Q.N. 1 a. Explain Details about Word Processing. Answer: Word Processing is the essential tools for creation of documents. There are various type of computer program that process on words available in market, but most popular application is Microsoft Word. Microsoft Words ease of use has made World one of the most widely used word processing application currently on the market since it allows for compatibility across multiple computers as well as collaborative feature. Word is fairly simple program to use for completing simple tasks. Let us consider an office scene. Many letters are typed in the office. The officer dictates a letter. The typist first types a draft copy of the letter. The officer goes through it to check mistakes regarding spelling errors, missing words, etc. and suggests corrections. The typist changes the letter as suggested by the officer. This is a simple example of word processing. Not only that, Word processing also refers to editing the document, creating the document and printing the document. The document is the combination of letters, sentence, symbol, graphs, chart and pictures. If we, creates such type of document using computer application then it is called word processing. There are various types of computer programs that manipulate word and pictures, but most popular word processing is Microsoft Word. Notepad, Word Pad is also types of word Processing but while comparing the facility that provides to work on document, Microsoft word is best word processor in now a day. Not only that, there are many software packages to do the job of word processing. Some of them work in DOS environment. Examples are WordStar, Word Perfect and Professional Write. But in these days working in WINDOWS is becoming more and more popular. So let us consider software for word processing which works in WINDOWS. Our choice is MSWORD because it is the most popular software in these days. Opening Word processing MS-WORD To run word on our computer: we have to go on â€Å"Start Button† >> â€Å" Programs†>> â€Å"Microsoft Office† >> â€Å"Microsoft Office Word 2003†. If there is an icon of the MS-WORD available on our desktop, we can open up the program by double clicking it, as well. Making New Document. When we open new word, then a new document is automatically opened, which is ready for making the new document. If not, then we can begin a new blank document in a variety of ways. Firstly, we have to fine the â€Å" New Blank Document† icon, which looks like a blank sheet of paper, located under the menu bar in MS-Word in what is called the â€Å" Standard Toolbar†. Click on that icon and we found new document. Opening a Document. To open to edit, view or print document, we must first open up that file in word sheet. We can open a file by clicking on the â€Å"Open† folder icon located in the standard toolbar, or simply pre CTRL+O. Saving Document. When we are working in any sort of media in any software, we should first save our work in some devices. In MS-WORD, there are various option for saving documents in a variety of file types. To Save a new, or editing file or unsaved document, we can click Save icon, shaped like a disk located on standard toolbar. Or simply we press CTRL+S. Then a dialogue box will appear, offering us for file name, location of the file, file type and others option. There are various things about word processing, but most of the common things are described above.

Witchcraft, Murder and Ghosts in Macbeth Essay examples -- Macbeth ess

Witchcraft, Murder and Ghosts in Macbeth       A notable point within Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is the use of the three witches in the opening scene.   The number of witches for a contemporary audience can go unnoticed.   However in the time that Shakespeare the symbolic meaning of the number three was important, as it symbolized unluckiness and when remembering the fear of the unnatural and being unlucky (epitomized by such historical events as the rage of witch trials within Britain).   This is not the only symbolism within the play, the use of the disparity between light and dark is an important concept.   We can perhaps see the parallel between the horror movies of today, and the images of witchcraft, murder and ghosts of the past.    Firstly in the initial scene of Act IV there are a number of references to the number three.    First Witch: "Thrice the brinded cat hath mew.d" (1) Second Witch: "Thrice and once the hedge-pig whin'd" (2) First Witch: "Days and nights hast thirty-one" (7) First Witch: "Pour in sow's blood, that hath eaten Her nine farrow;" (65)    All of these examples refer to the number three, or the denominator of nice.   The final example of the number three used is within the fourth act with Macbeth... ... of Shakespeare enjoy an aura of immortality because we see in Shakespeare the mirror of the human condition with which we may all identify and gain a sense that in some strange way his plays are a reflection of our souls.       Bibliography The Tragedy of Macbeth New Haven: Yale University Press Revised 1994 Shakespeare's Macbeth Total Study Edition Coles Editorial Board 1990 Holinshed R. Historie of Scotland (2nd Ed. Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 1587) "Historie of Scotland" Paul. Henry N. The Royal Play of Macbeth 1950 pp. 213-17 Bradley A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy 1912 pp. 468-9   

Reaction Paper About UNICEF Cities Failing Children Essay

As a Filipino and youth of this country, I’ve appreciated UNICEF’s efforts in regards with the children who are in need. It is not easy to aggregate data of the country’s status just to check how are the citizens especially the children are treated and supported by the countries, particularly of their local governments or cities where they are settling. However, the report and data were compiled and reported by State of the World’s Children of UNICEF though it was an article, reported few years ago (March 7, 2012), still it makes me feel uncomfortable and burdened, knowing that many children are deprived of most basic services and necessities that actually they should have. In addition, UNICEF cited Philippines as an example of their article entitled, Cities Failing Children. The report states that children (Filipinos) who live in poor urban even other class of urban communities experience deprivations such as lack of decent housing and limited access to c lean water and they are more exposed to disaster risks and are also more prone to neglect, abuse, and exploitation. It proves that our government is not doing the part that they should be performing, like what we have learned from our previous lesson, Power of the State – the three inherent power of state specifically the police power, which states that it is the sovereign power to promote and protect the general welfare; it is the most pervasive and the least limitable of the three powers of the state, the most essential, consistent and illimitable which enables the State to prohibit all hurtful things to the comfort, safety and welfare of the society, these just become meaningless at all for in reality, this power is not being fully exercised and practiced by our government. In my opinion, our government should at least exert extra sympathy or attention with this kind of problems rather than to their own agendas and non-sense conflicts of their parties. I think it is not impossible for the Philippines to cure and solve this kind of problem if we just unite and our government stop their not-so-needed plans because I strongly believe that the true wealth of the nation is the children and next generation, but if this problem continues and will not be given attention, I assume that next coming years will be more hard to live for. Nevertheless, it’s not late to do something for this kind of problem it is just a matter of love, passion and honesty of our government and even of  us that are more blessed than them. Further, I never lose hope that one day Philippine government and possibly with the help of UNICEF, will use the power of the state to build and create a better future for our generation especially for those children deprived of their basic needs or even their basic rights and solve a lot of problem within these children. Therefore, as a Filipino informed of this matter, we should take responsibility to do something for our beloved country. I have learned that I should have not take for granted things that I have because almost half of our population are deprived of the basic needs that I already have. I don’t want to promise anything but I will try to do the best I can to serve and help our nation. Hoping that after few years, UNICEF’s report about Philippines even their report about the world will be better and be full of hope and great future for the people and most of all, for the children.

Human Resource Management(Ryanairs Motivation Problems)

Human Resource Management(Ryanairs Motivation Problems) Free Online Research Papers Section 1: Introduction Human Resource managers around the world rarely agree on the best way to motivate staff at work. However, the problems that can arise when staff is unmotivated ensure this will continue to occupy a great deal of management time and attention. In both Hospitality and Tourism sectors this is especially controversial, with the major problems of seasonality and low pay contributing to the mix. For this assignment I have been asked to examine contemporary views on motivation, identify a company currently addressing motivation problems at work and evaluate their efforts and to explore the relationship between the effective employment of appropriate recruitment and selection strategies and their impact on staff motivation. I have therefore have chosen Ryanair’s motivation problems and in this assignment the following can be found: Identifying Ryanair’s currently motivation problems at work and an evaluation of their effort, Ryanairs low salaries, recruitment methods used by Ryanair and the impact it has on staff motivation and more in depth discussions about how these motivation problems and how they can be solved. Section 2: Understanding of Human Resource Management and Motivation 2.1 What is Human Resource Management? Human resources management plays a key role which helps the success of the operations task in selecting, training and motivating the right kind of personnel for the organization (Ref: Woodruffe H, 1995) Humans are an organizations greatest assets; without them, everyday business functions could not be completed.† Human resource management is responsible for how people are treated in organizations. It is responsible for bringing people into the organization, helping them perform their work, compensating them for their labors, and solving problems that arise (Cherrington, 1995). There are seven management functions of a human resources department: staffing, performance appraisals, compensation and benefits, training and development, employee and labor relations, safety and health, and human resource research. 2.2 What is Motivation? Motivation is the individual, internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior. It is a personal force that causes one to behave in a particular way .Most often, motivation is the term used to explain peoples behavior. Successful managers are said to be highly motivated. A team leader who avoids work is said to be unmotivated. Motivation is linked with morale; morale is the employees feeling toward the job, superiors, and the firm itself. High morale results mainly from the satisfaction of needs on the job or as a result of the job. High morale leads to dedication and loyalty as well as to the desire to do a job well. Low morale can lead to shoddy work, absenteeism, and high rates of turnover. Section 3: Contemporary views on motivation 3.1 Equity Theory. In this section four different contemporary views on motivation will be discussed these motivation theories can help managers understand how to motivate their staff. These four theories are equity theory, expectancy theory, reinforcement theory, and goal setting theory. These four theories are all different views on motivation each theory will be discussed in details below. Equity theory will be discussed first. The equity theory of motivation is based on the fact that people are motivated first to achieve and then to maintain a sense of equity. Equity refers to the distribution of rewards in direct equality to the contribution of each employee to the organization. Everyone needs not to receive the same rewards, but the rewards should be in accordance with individual contributions. According to the theory, the idea of equity is as follows: 1) First, a development of an input-to-outcome ratio. Inputs are the things that are contributed to the organization. Outcomes are the things we get from the organization, e.g. a hard working employee who gets well paid by his organization he works for. 2) Next, a comparison of this ratio is made with what we perceive as the input-to-outcome ratio for some other person, called the comparison other. 3) If the two ratios are roughly the same, you feel that the organization is treating you equitably and are motivated to leave things as they are. If our ratio is the lower of the two, you will feel under rewarded and are motivated to change things you may decrease your own inputs by not working so hard, leave the work situation or try to increase our total outcomes by asking for a raise in pay. This shows that the equity theory is most relevant to pay as an outcome. It is important for an organization to know how much work each employee produces and if they are well paid, it is certainly not fair if an employee who does not work hard gets paid a reasonable amount of money and an other employee who does work hard is underpaid, not only will this employee get unmotivated but it might lead to resignation from the company. 3.2 Expectancy Theory. Expectancy theory, developed by Victor Vroom is a very complex model of motivation that is based on a simple assumption. According to expectancy theory, motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we are to get it. A short scenario is given below to understand this model of motivation. Two airline sales reservations agents who are candidates for promotion to one sales reservations manager’s job. Bill has had a very good sales year and always gets good performance evaluations. But he is not sure he wants the job because it requires a great deal of travel, long working hours, and much stress and pressure. Susan wants the job as much as Bill, and she thinks she has a good chance of getting it. Her sales have improved this past year, and her evaluations are the best in the company. Expectancy theory would predict that Bill is not very motivated to seek the promotion. But Susan is very motivated to seek the promotion, because she wants it and thinks she can get it. Expectancy theory is complex because each action that is taken is likely to lead to several different outcomes, some that we may want and others that we may not want. For example, if people work hard and put in a lot of extra hours, several things may happen. They may get a pay raise, they may be promoted, they may gain valuable new job skills or it might have bad outcomes such as having less time to spend with their families and cut back on social life. Expectancy theory has several useful guidelines for managers. It suggests that managers must recognize the following: 1) Employees work for a variety of reasons. 2) These reasons, or expected outcomes, may change over time. 3) It is necessary to clearly show employees how they can attain the outcomes they desire. Basically the expectancy theory shows that getting promoted or getting a better job position could lead to outcomes the employees would not want. Getting better paid or promoted would not conclude that the employee will get motivated as we have seen in the above scenario where Bill has a good sales year and always gets good performance evaluations but he does not want the job because it requires long working hours and stress. Paula would be more suitable for the job because she is highly motivated and can probably deal with the requirements and the negative outcomes such as cutting back on social life. 3.3 Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory states that behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that has been punished is less likely to recur. Reinforcement is an action that follows directly from a particular behavior. Reinforcements can be used in a number of different ways: *A positive reinforcement strengthens desired behavior by providing a reward e.g. an customer service agent at the airport who took over her colleagues jobs because they were absent and dealt with all the issues at once, she could be rewarded for her hard work which might get her motivated to work harder and take up more tasks at once. *Punishment is an undesired consequence that follows from undesirable behavior e.g.a flight attendant who is rude to her customers might get punished or be given a warning, this way this behavior might not occur again. Reinforcement can work effectively but in general, positive reinforcement might be the most effective action because as it states behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated. Section 4.1: Identifying Ryanair’s currently motivation problems at work and an evaluation of their effort. Ryanairs is a ‘’no-frills’’ airline but it has a high turnover according to Shay Cody, the deputy general secretary of the Irish trade union Impact Ryanair has a very oppressive regime and they have extremely high staff turnover, particularly among junior pilots and cabin crew .Staff are expected to pay for their own uniforms, crew meals and training courses. It requires staff to pay as much as  £2,700 upfront for training. Many workers from the United Kingdom have left their jobs with Ryanair and as result the company is recruiting now contract labour from agencies as far away as the Baltic States and Poland. Pilots were recently told that in order to graduate from older planes to newer aircraft, they would have to pay for their own retraining. A cabin crew who works for Ryanair writes her experiences on a website where she says: ‘’Ryanair does not care about its cabin crew and just takes the most they possibly can squeeze out of us. After a twelve hour day without a break, I do not have the energy to be nice to passengers or check that my nail polish is still on. Come on Ryanair start valuing what we do because without us you could not fly4’’ The employees and especially the cabin crew of Ryanair tend to be not dealing nicely with passengers. The statement of the employee of Ryanair above explains us what the cause is, the employees themselves work hard and are undervalued and have to work many hours without a break this leaves them exhausted and stressed and makes it hard for them to deal nicely to passengers. Not only will there be a high turnover but also Ryanair might lose more customers over time because of the bad customer service of the unmotivated and tired employees. 4.2 Ryainair’s Low Salaries. It is clear that Ryanair cabin crews are not getting the wages they deserve for the hard work they put in. Long flight hours, little rest time, all of this deserves better pay and proper compensation. Staff in workplaces with a union and a collective agreement gets better pay and conditions, and better income. This is true for most full-service airlines as well as low-cost carriers. Easy jet for example has a collective agreement, and staff earns better. Ryanair might need an Union not only will the turnover decrease but also the companies reputation might get better, cheap flight tickets might not be enough in the long run to be successful as a no frill airline business. There are different no frills airlines and many of them do not suffer from such a dramatic high turnover as Ryanair does it certainly does not mean that operating as an inexpensive airline gives them the right to undervalue their employees. It is important for any company to understand that without their employees there is no business, every employee should be treated fair enough and should been given a working environment they can cope with. Working 12 hours without a break is inhuman; paying for training or uniforms is certainly not acceptable especially in a company where the employees are underpaid. As mentioned before in this assignment it explains that human resource management plays a key role in the success of the operations task in training and motivating the right kind of personnel for the organization, human resource management is responsible for how people are treated in an organization, helping them perform their work and solving problems that might arise. The question that here is: Is there a human resource management department in Ryanairs organization? If there is one than it does not seem that this department is of any help for the employees or for the organization itself. In overall it seems that there is no motivation from the employees because Ryainair does not seem to know how to motivate their own staff which leads to low morale because they are certainly not satisfied this again leads to poor work, absenteeism, and high rates of turnover. Section 5: Exploring the relationship between the effective employment of appropriate recruitment and selection strategies and their impact on staff motivation. 5.1 Staff Selection and Recruitment. Careful recruitment of the right kind of personnel is an important step, recruitment should be seen as a powerful tool in itself for enhancing and maintaining the organisation’s standing and image. For Ryanair in this case, it is necessary to know that their high turnover is affecting their reputation as an overall company, it might be easy for the time being to hire new employees every time an employee leaves the company possible but with time when more people leave Ryanair the reputation of the company and its image might get seriously affected and as a result it can get hard to employee new staff. There are certain steps a company has to go through to recruit new staff from vacancies to arranging interviews and train the new employees but most important that when these steps are taken and training and development follows after the recruitment process it can have a major positive affect on the company. 5.2 Recruitment Methods Used by Ryanair and the Impact It Has On Staff Motivation. Ryanair follows the normal procedure of recruiting new staff starting from advertising and vacancies to interviewing and testing and than training but it does fall out on the proper training and development some staff has to pay for their own training. They arrange interviews by sending out letters to successful applicants where the interview is held at a venue and everyone has to go through a test those who are successful are to be interviewed. The successful interviewers will than be recruited and trained by Ryanair. Training and development might be poor but it has to be understood by Ryanair that training opportunities provided by them can help create personal job satisfaction and help them retaining their personnel. It does not seem that Ryanair itself put much effort in the training procedure and therefore many employees get unmotivated provide poor work results, are rude to customers because they are stressed out and might not know how to deal properly with their tasks because the training has been poor and as a result to that they leave their jobs. Section 6: Conclusion Motivation is the essential tool to help reduce high turnover as this assignment has shown if it was for Ryanairs employees the main reason for the high turnover is the fact that they are not motivated enough and do not have a high morale. There are different theories that could be put in practice to solve this issue and to help the managers at this airline and learn the reasons for job dissatisfaction of their employees, their reasons for not performing well at their current job and what could help them do solve these problems. In overall different motivation theories could help Ryanair’s managers reduce staff turnover.The training staff selection and recruitment goes through the ordinary stages mainly all staff can only be recruited by applying through vacancies on their website or via job agencies, but staff has to pay for training upfront, this is a main concern as one of the most important tool to motivation is by training the employees and help them to develop their skilss. Section 7: Recommendations. For every company it is important to treat their staff properly because without them the company could not operate. Ryanair seems not to care about their reputation; the high turnover is a major issue and it should be decreased, applicants looking for a job in the future would not want to apply for Ryanair because of its bad reputation and image towards employees. The staff tends to be rude to customers and lacks in its customer service it does not matter that the tickets are inexpensive, competition in no frills airlines is playing a major role recently and will continue to become bigger. Customers therefore will fly with another airline with the same prices as Ryanair but with better customer service. This motivation problem that is Ryanair is currently addressing will have not only an impact on staff turnover but also on its image and maybe their profits in the future. The staff is underpaid and it would be a good idea if Ryanair would go with a union this will help the employees having to secure that there will be help if they might need it and the employees salary might increase. Training should be continuously to help them develop their skills at their jobs. Furthermore it is from major concern to address the reasons of the high turnover which are the fact that the employees have to pay for training, staff is not appreciated, work many hours with less break and are underpaid. In result of solving these issues the employees will be motivated, have higher morale and produce better work. Different solutions are there to help motivate their staff for example by giving them incentives such as rewards and bonuses or facilities to such as gym memberships this will help them feel appreciated and valued for the work they produce. As last not to forget customers will also be treated better which decreases the chance of losing the business and boosts up the reputation and image of Ryanair. References Books: Cooper, C., Fletcher J.,Gilbert D. Wanhill S.(1998) Tourism Principles and Practises, Second Edition, Addison Wesley Longman Singapore(Pte)Ltd, Singapore Woodruffe, H. (1995) Service Marketing, 1st Edition, Pitman Publishing, London Websites: answers.com/topic/human-resource-management paedpsych.jk.uni-linz.ac.at/INTERNET/arbeitsblaetterord/LERNTECHNIKORD/Motivation2.html guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1468517,00.html management-issues.com/2006/5/25/blog/ryanair-staff-bite-back.asp ryan-be-fair.org Research Papers on Human Resource Management(Ryanair’s Motivation Problems)The Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

How to Write a Book Review

How to Write a Book Review Many book aficionados write reviews. Thats great. However, if you are interested in writing reviews for publication or payment, you might consider how to formally write a review. In my own search for guidance, I came across this site that actually offers templates to escort you through the process. mybookbag.net.au/book-review-template/ But whether you write reviews for Amazon, blogs, magazines or newsletters/ezines, consider getting the formula right. Become known for your reviews and you might wind up as a paid reviewer, or as a minimum have a blog with advertisers knocking on your door. The University of North Carolina has a great post on this at its Writing Center. http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/book-reviews/ Basically, a reviewer gives the reader a concise summary, offers a critical assessment (good and bad), and ends the review with a suggestion as to whether the audience would enjoy the book. Drus Book Musings is a fine example of prolific reviewing. She leans toward the cozy mystery but isnt limited Or you can do reviews awash with humor or sarcasm or dark slaps, creating a voice for yourself. Some of NPRs reviews are done in that vein, such as Christian Grey Began His Fictional Career as a Vampire. npr.org/2015/02/08/384695847/christian-grey-began-his-fictional-career-as-a-vampire Or you can write for online magazines like Charleston Currents, a journal for the South Carolina Lowcountry. http://charlestoncurrents.com/ Or Columbia, SCs Free Times. It took my best query abilities to entice the arts editor to provide an interview/book review of the Carolina Slade series. free-times.com/arts/agriculture-experience-bears-fruit-in-south-carolina-mystery-series-052814 You can become known for book reviews, but like all forms of writing, you have to be a honed writer, diligent, and consistent. It takes time, but you can find a way to take your enjoyment of reading to the book review level. It takes practice, hard work, and a knack for querying like all writing. Or you can do reviews on your own, on your blog, and in that case, you need to build up your following and let authors know you are there for them. Then warn the postal person, because free books will flood your living room! FINAL NOTE: Of course, if you need practice, you are welcome to do so with a Carolina Slade or Edisto Island Mystery. How to Write a Book Review How to Write a Book Review Free Online Research Papers Introduction (in this section you need to include the author of the book, title of the book, year of publication, and notify the reader about the content of your book review.) Brief information about the author (in this part of book review format you need to include some details about the author; for example, why did the author write the book, what was his intention, is there a link between his life and themes of the books, etc.) Summary (summary section of book review format should cover the plot of the book; you need to limit this section to one or two paragraphs as your primary task is to write not the summary but a review) Overview and analysis of key themes (you need to talk about the issues raised by the author, main characters, etc. You need to be careful to avoid writing a book summary instead of review. Therefore, pay special attention to the language used by the author. Are the themes covered sufficiently? Are the main characters well-developed? Why does the author focus on the specific theme?) Critical analysis (this section of your book review is the most important one. Here you need to express your personal opinion about the book and justify your positive or negative evaluation). Your review should conclude with your personal observations. 1. Has the book challenged you intellectually, increasing your Knowledge, raising new questions, and/or presenting the material in a novel or provocative manner? On the other hand, does the author simply rehash what everyone already knows? 2. How did the book affect you? Were any previous ideas you had on the subject changed, abandoned, or reinforced due to this book? 3. Let the reader know whether or not the book is worth reading and why. In other words, why should anyone read it Research Papers on How to Write a Book ReviewHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMind TravelStandardized TestingMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paper

Law of Coverture

Law of Coverture In English and American law, coverture refers to womens legal status after marriage: legally, upon marriage, the husband and wife were treated as one entity. In essence, the wifes separate legal existence disappeared as far as property rights and certain other rights were concerned. Under coverture, wives could not control their own property unless specific provisions were made before marriage. They could not file lawsuits or be sued separately, nor could they execute contracts. The husband could use, sell or dispose of her property (again, unless prior provisions were made) without her permission. A woman who was subject to coverture was called  feme covert, and an unmarried woman or other woman able to own property and make contracts was called  feme solo.  The terms come from medieval Norman terms. In American legal history, changes in the late 18th and early 19th century began to extend  womens property rights; these changes  affected coverture laws. A widow was entitled, for instance, to a percentage of her husbands property after his death (dower), and some laws required a womans consent to the selling of property if it could affect her dower. Sir William Blackstone, in his 1765 authoritative legal text, Commentaries on the Laws of England, said this about coverture and the legal rights of married women: By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing; and is therefore called ... a feme-covert.... Blackstone went on to describe the status of a feme covert as covert-baron or under the influence and protection of her husband, in a relationship similar to that of a subject to a baron or lord.   He also noted that a husband could not grant to his wife anything such as property, and could not make legal agreements with her after marriage because it would be like gifting something to ones self or making a contract with ones self.  He also stated that contracts made between a future husband and wife were void upon marriage.   United States Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black is quoted saying, in a thought expressed by others before him, that the old common-law fiction that the husband and wife are one...has worked out in reality to mean...the one is the husband. Name Change at Marriage and Coverture The tradition of a woman taking her husbands name at marriage may be rooted in this idea of a woman becoming one with her husband and the one is the husband. Despite this tradition, laws requiring a married woman to take her husbands name were not on the books in the United Kingdom or the United States until Hawaii was admitted to the US as a state in 1959.  Common law permitted any person to change their name through life as long as it was not for fraudulent purposes. Nevertheless, in 1879, a judge in Massachusetts found that Lucy Stone could not vote under her maiden name and had to use her married name.  Lucy Stone had infamously kept her name upon her marriage in 1855, giving rise to the term Stoners for women who kept their names after marriage.   Lucy Stone had been among those who had won a limited right to vote, only for the school committee.  She refused to comply, continuing to use Lucy Stone, often amended by married to Henry Blackwell on legal documents and hotel registers. Pronunciation: KUV-e-cher or KUV-e-choorAlso Known As: cover, feme-covert

Americas Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Americas Post-Civil War Growing Pains - Essay Example Lincoln plans were supported by most republicans in the congress since they were seen to be an attempt of putting an end to the civil war (Wiegand, 2009). This period saw the construction of roads and railway lines aimed at linking various parts of the United States. The road and rail networks would enhance industrialization and free movement of goods and services that would result in faster economic growth. This period also witnessed the construction of factories, mines and mills around the United States. In addition cities and towns crew around the factories which brought about the growth of urban population from 5 million to 45 million (Guameri, 1991). Industrialization enabled workers to have better and safer working conditions. Employers had to look into the demand of workers in terms of good pay, health and safety measures as well compensation. In addition, industrialization also enabled the United States to produce several goods at lower prices. Since most factories were located in the cities, there was rural urban migration because of the presence of jobs. This further led to the increasing population in the cities across United States (Guameri, 1991). The assassination of President Lincoln changed all the plans that had been put in place for the readmission of the southern states into the union and in the reconstruction process. The reconstruction process would have been faster and easier if President Lincoln had not been assassinated. The assassination of the president was a big blow to the reconstruction process that would see the readmission of the southern states (Wiegand, 2009). Further, the death of the president brought hatred between southern and northern states. The society had vengeful attitudes towards each other. In order to bring harmony into the society, radical republicans decided to implement bills that

ECE440 Week4Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECE440 Week4Discussion - Essay Example Working with children requires an understanding of the best methods of attaining their attention. The idea is to get the most essential attributes that will precisely provide children with a higher chance of remembering what they are taught. Essentially, the demands of these children are pegged on the ability to reach out to the structures intended to remind them of what they read, and have a view of what they are learning (Shores, & Grace, 2005). This is a great way of ensuring the students do understand what they learn, and capitalize on their ability to memorize the pictures. It also reduces the processing demands of semantic information, reducing the complexity of the information attained. It also improves the children’s ability to learn strategically, with an emphasis placed on their communication skills, reading and writing capabilities, as well as analytical creative and critical thinking skills (Atkins-Burnett, & Meisels, 2005). The constructions of such patterns in th eir minds provide a greater understanding of the thinking constructs that define the results

Strategic Planning in Uncertain and Dynamic Environments Research Paper

Strategic Planning in Uncertain and Dynamic Environments - Research Paper Example This process is called strategic planning and has been proved to result in different outcomes for different organizations, depending on the nature of the organization and the environment in which the organization operates.   Strategic planning is a systematic and documented process that is adapted for making decisions on what key decisions an organization must get right in order to ensure that the organization thrives in the future. The process of strategic planning leads to a strategic plan, which is a set of statements that describe the purpose and ethical conduct of an organization together with the different strategies that have been designed in order to achieve the targets that the organization has set (Pearce II, et al 1987). To achieve the best outcome, an organization should ensure that its strategic planning is effective, and is capable of sustainable strategic decisions. This is important as it might reduce the risk level for the organization, and improve the long-term performance of the organization. Different organizations have utilized the process of strategic planning differently, and have experienced varying results. Today, apart from large corporations, smaller organizations are equally adopting the process of strategic planning. While some organizations have successfully used strategic planning and experienced a positive outcome, other organizations have failed to realize a positive outcome with strategic planning. Therefore, strategic planning in this regard cannot be viewed as an ultimate or absolute effective process for organizational decision making and improved performance.  

Compare the Arts of the High Renaissance with that of the Eighteenth Essay

Compare the Arts of the High Renaissance with that of the Eighteenth Century. Use examples of artists to base your comparisons - Essay Example With Rome as its epi-center, the period can be said to epitomize the spirit of Western Civilization. Leonardo da Vinci’s fresco of the Last Supper is an early definitive work of this period. da Vinci followed it up with Mona Lisa, which was an outstanding work of this era along with Raphael’s The School of Athens. Another notable early work was the Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici in Florence. Michelangelo and Raphael are other key artistic figures of High Renaissance, whose works showcased classical painting tradition as well as inventing new styles such as Mannerism. Alongside Michelangelo, the works of Andrea del Sarto and Correggio exemplify the Mannerist style. (Fletcher, 2000, p.347) High Renaissance art works feature complexity and richness of detail. Human expressions, gestures, postures and figures are paid great deal of attention and detail. Even minor painters of the time such as Mariotto Albertinelli and Fra Bartolomeo excelled in these aspects of visual c omposition. Other emblems of this genre are its iconographic references to Hellenistic art and mythology. Harmony of design and technical excellence are other notable features of High Renaissance art. (Stokstad, 2005, p.115) ... (Speake & Bergin, 2004, p.550) Eighteenth century artistic styles and techniques, on the other hand, are different and more evolved than what was witnessed during the High Renaissance. The main styles that defined art in this century were Neoclassicism, Baroque and Rococo. These styles were pioneered and practiced by such painters as Bernardo Bellotto, Michel Benoist, Giueppe Castiglione, Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, Vladimir Borovikovsky, among others. Although 18th Century Art was a broader movement, contribution of Italian artists was still significant. Drawing much from the artistic tradition and standards of excellence of High Renaissance, 18th century Italian artists such as Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Alessandro Magnasco, Marco Ricci and Vittore Ghislandi introduced new techniques and styles as well as refined existing traditions. (Levey, 1980, p.23) The inclusion of painters and sculptors from all across the world shows that eighteenth century art is not constrained geographicall y, as was the case with High Renaissance. To this extent, there is a broader range and variety to artistic productions of the period, as exemplified by the inclusion of German painter Jacob Philipp Hackert, Russian artist Dmitry Levitzky, Chinese painter Gai Qi and Japanese printmaker Nishikawa Sukenobu all in one group. Moreover, as science and technology advanced during the eighteenth century, the works of art also subtly reflected these new discoveries and inventions. The loosening grip of Christianity on mainstream European culture and politics had liberalize art in this period compared to the situation during High Renaissance: â€Å"The unifying culture of Christianity was supplanted by the fractious and specialized disciplines of science,

Leaders, History and Political Science Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leaders, History and Political Science - Article Example This paper outlines that the world is shifting from gigantic entity where every part was seen as separate to the other into a more interlinked entity through economic globalization and through the influence of transnational political organization and growth of population. Liberation on the other hand is actually the contrast of realism in that it sees both state and non-state actors as significant. It also views the international associations’ implications to define the performance not only of great powers but also of minimal powers. According to liberalism, states are disaggregated into entities where some of them functions trans-nationally.  This study declares that  women are still mistreated in different societies in the world today.   Distinctions between individuals with any given state or culture are much superior to differences between groups. Social standing, education, personality, past experience, belief structure, affection shown in the home and countless of other factors will influence human behavior and culture. For example in African cultures, women must stay home and perform all the house chores. There was also a belief that if the husband do not beat his wife, then he does not love her that much. This means that women were frequently beaten and mistreated without any form of defense because people believed that it was a sign of love therefore, there was no need of intervention. India has the men marrying women but   it is interesting to note that it is women who pay dowry instead of men.... A good example of such is the US policy toward Venezuela. The Venezuela President Chavez was bitter with US due to their denial to include Venezuela and other countries in America into United States (Restrepo 33). In fact, the whole of Venezuela was bitter and resentful with the US and that contributed to Venezuela president Chavez to make democracy in the country an intimidating influence to other people. He begun harassing the citizens of the country as a why to show his anger. However, US had to come in, its policy towards Venezuela was that democracy, and the leaders of the country should practice equitability (Shifter 71). In other words, every citizen in the country deserved equitability and democracy not harassment and enslavement. Therefore, it was individual leader; President Chavez who determined the content of US foreign policy to Venezuela (Restrepo 64). The same happened to Syria where US policy towards Syria was elimination of Assad from power due to his dictatorship an d unusual elimination of citizens particularly the University students who protested for murder of their colleague. However, this case was different in that the citizens of Syria supported United States’ policy over President Assad while in Venezuela; the citizens supported President Chavez although he denied them democracy (Shifter 82). 2. Compare and contrast the traditional Realist view of National Security and the Liberal view of Human Security. Are these two views always in contradiction to each other or could they be complimentary? In your opinion, which view of security should be paramount? The traditional realist view of national security is that the state is the main actor

Art Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Comparison - Essay Example In this essay, it will feature more from the Museum of Modern art where the comparison between the works will be mainly based on the style, content, artistic intention and the historical context. When these aspects are explained, it gives one a deeper meaning of the work art work and you stop viewing it with a surface eye. This is because ever art work has a meaning and a source of inspiration. Art work has been used to communicate and it has more than a thousand words. It is a simpler way to communicate and it leaves a greater impact than writing so many words. It is much easier to remember an image of an art for many years than to remember a piece of written work. Though there are many types of art like singing, drama, poetry, and dancing, this essay will be focusing on painting and sculpture arts. Most of the paintings were done using oil because oil was resistant to water, it was readily found, was flexible enough to take different shapes and colors. Therefore, this paper look at the comparison between Lucky Strike by Stuart Davis and OOF by Edward Ruscha artistic works and Marilyn Monroe, I by James Rosenquist and Woman, I by Willem de Kooning in this essay. Luck Strike is a painting that was done by Stuart Davis. Stuart Davis was an American who was passionate about art. This art can tell that the artist was appreciating the tobacco company in America. It also shows that he loved the products from his own country.2 It was during 1921 that the tobacco the top most products in America that Stuart Davis came up with this art as a gift to the American Tobacco Company. OOF was done by Edward Ruscha in the year 1962 but he refined it in 1963. It was a gift of Agnes Gund. â€Å"I was interested in monosyllabic word sounds that seemed to have a certain comedic value to them†, Ruscha said. He was in a joyful mood when he was designing this art and he wanted to pass the

Compare the Arts of the High Renaissance with that of the Eighteenth Essay

Compare the Arts of the High Renaissance with that of the Eighteenth Century. Use examples of artists to base your comparisons - Essay Example With Rome as its epi-center, the period can be said to epitomize the spirit of Western Civilization. Leonardo da Vinci’s fresco of the Last Supper is an early definitive work of this period. da Vinci followed it up with Mona Lisa, which was an outstanding work of this era along with Raphael’s The School of Athens. Another notable early work was the Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici in Florence. Michelangelo and Raphael are other key artistic figures of High Renaissance, whose works showcased classical painting tradition as well as inventing new styles such as Mannerism. Alongside Michelangelo, the works of Andrea del Sarto and Correggio exemplify the Mannerist style. (Fletcher, 2000, p.347) High Renaissance art works feature complexity and richness of detail. Human expressions, gestures, postures and figures are paid great deal of attention and detail. Even minor painters of the time such as Mariotto Albertinelli and Fra Bartolomeo excelled in these aspects of visual c omposition. Other emblems of this genre are its iconographic references to Hellenistic art and mythology. Harmony of design and technical excellence are other notable features of High Renaissance art. (Stokstad, 2005, p.115) ... (Speake & Bergin, 2004, p.550) Eighteenth century artistic styles and techniques, on the other hand, are different and more evolved than what was witnessed during the High Renaissance. The main styles that defined art in this century were Neoclassicism, Baroque and Rococo. These styles were pioneered and practiced by such painters as Bernardo Bellotto, Michel Benoist, Giueppe Castiglione, Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, Vladimir Borovikovsky, among others. Although 18th Century Art was a broader movement, contribution of Italian artists was still significant. Drawing much from the artistic tradition and standards of excellence of High Renaissance, 18th century Italian artists such as Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Alessandro Magnasco, Marco Ricci and Vittore Ghislandi introduced new techniques and styles as well as refined existing traditions. (Levey, 1980, p.23) The inclusion of painters and sculptors from all across the world shows that eighteenth century art is not constrained geographicall y, as was the case with High Renaissance. To this extent, there is a broader range and variety to artistic productions of the period, as exemplified by the inclusion of German painter Jacob Philipp Hackert, Russian artist Dmitry Levitzky, Chinese painter Gai Qi and Japanese printmaker Nishikawa Sukenobu all in one group. Moreover, as science and technology advanced during the eighteenth century, the works of art also subtly reflected these new discoveries and inventions. The loosening grip of Christianity on mainstream European culture and politics had liberalize art in this period compared to the situation during High Renaissance: â€Å"The unifying culture of Christianity was supplanted by the fractious and specialized disciplines of science,

Art Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Comparison - Essay Example In this essay, it will feature more from the Museum of Modern art where the comparison between the works will be mainly based on the style, content, artistic intention and the historical context. When these aspects are explained, it gives one a deeper meaning of the work art work and you stop viewing it with a surface eye. This is because ever art work has a meaning and a source of inspiration. Art work has been used to communicate and it has more than a thousand words. It is a simpler way to communicate and it leaves a greater impact than writing so many words. It is much easier to remember an image of an art for many years than to remember a piece of written work. Though there are many types of art like singing, drama, poetry, and dancing, this essay will be focusing on painting and sculpture arts. Most of the paintings were done using oil because oil was resistant to water, it was readily found, was flexible enough to take different shapes and colors. Therefore, this paper look at the comparison between Lucky Strike by Stuart Davis and OOF by Edward Ruscha artistic works and Marilyn Monroe, I by James Rosenquist and Woman, I by Willem de Kooning in this essay. Luck Strike is a painting that was done by Stuart Davis. Stuart Davis was an American who was passionate about art. This art can tell that the artist was appreciating the tobacco company in America. It also shows that he loved the products from his own country.2 It was during 1921 that the tobacco the top most products in America that Stuart Davis came up with this art as a gift to the American Tobacco Company. OOF was done by Edward Ruscha in the year 1962 but he refined it in 1963. It was a gift of Agnes Gund. â€Å"I was interested in monosyllabic word sounds that seemed to have a certain comedic value to them†, Ruscha said. He was in a joyful mood when he was designing this art and he wanted to pass the

The Waterways to freedom Essay Example for Free

The Waterways to freedom Essay As human beings, we ought to be endowed with the freedom of choice for we are naturally striving for channels of free will. We have a propensity to perceive life in an individualistic manner as we are all distinct entities. The art of entrapment we see from time to time deprives and suffocates our very being as individuals. However, the struggles we overcome are not always resolved by our own involuntary response to problems, but at times our very survival depends on the help of others to conquer a period of difficulty. Homers The Odyssey is a primary example of the idea of mans reliance on oneself and the occasional need for the assistance of others. Under Calypsos power, Odysseus is entrapped in her possession and loses all hope to escape on his own. After seven lengthy years of Odysseuss imprisonment, Hermes, the messenger of the gods, is sent by the gods to Calypsos island to order the release of Odysseus so that he can continue on with his voyage home. At times throughout The Odyssey, Odysseus did not consider the consequences of his actions and depended on guidance from the gods to steer him in the right direction. This particular passage describes Odysseus as a lowly mortal and reinforces his need of the aid of higher beings to help him surmount his struggles. Homer employs the act of the will to survive with the additional help of the immortals using diction, imagery, and structure to establish an apparent passage that focuses directly on mans struggle for freedom and the belief that man cannot escape his fate. One time or another, everyone has yearned for the comfort of having someone nearby, someone that leaves you feeling reassured and intact. For this need for companionship, the beautiful seductive magical (36) nymph Calypso seizes Odysseus and compels him to live a sensual yet vegetative existence where he wastes seven years of his ten year journey home on the lavish, luxurious island of Ogygia. For ten years, surrounded by men, Odysseus lives out the male heroic ideal image of a warrior and then spends several years further testing himself against life-threatening obstacles. In the process, he loses all of his followers, and has nothing left but the little that remains of himself. Here on Calypsos island, he lives in majestic paradise: A deep wood grew outside, with summer leaves of alder and black poplar, pungent cypress. Ornate birds rested there stretched wing horned owls, falcons, cormorants long-tongued beachcombing birds, and followers of the sea (22-26). With the use of diction Calypsos diatribe on Odysseus can be seen as a reaction to the reality of her life where she is a crooking vine (27) holding purple clusters under ply of green (28). The purple clusters effectively signifies Odysseus identity of a heroic leader, as the color purple represents royalty, who is twisted and detained under Calypsos crooking vine of power. Homer employs the use of his selected words to also establish Odysseus ongoing journey where he took channels here and there (30). Odysseus waterways of home shifts through beds of violets and tender parsley (31), indicating his temptations of sexual relationships with various women, including Calypso, throughout his voyage home. Violet is an enticing color which Homer utilizes to suggest Calypsos love and desire for Odysseus where he is entrapped on her island surrounded by the violet ocean (14). Through Homers establishment of words, he guides us to identify with Odysseus search for freedom under constraints of those who hold him back. Emancipated nature imagery displays the contrast between Odysseus suppressed captivity with the vast open world around him. The images of wild animals and plant life, alder and black poplar, pungent cypress (23) and ornate birds (24), denote Odysseus loss of hope of escape which contrasts with the serene tranquility of the environment around him. The image of birds is constantly utilized in the epic as omens that rely on the perception of Odysseus as an aggressive, predatory creature. With their stretched wings (24) the birds in this passage implies Odysseus stretched capability as a war hero in search of his homeland but is kept back by obstacles, just like the birds are kept from flying further because of their need to rest (24). The comparison of Hermes and Odysseus is evident in the beginning of the passage where it is seen through the imagery of Hermes movement. Whilst Odysseus is racked in confinement with his own heart groaning (42), Hermes is swiftly carried over water and over endless land in a swish of the wind (4). The high-speed action imagery of Hermes is illustrated to imply the higher being of an immortal and the never-ending limits of his freedom as he paced into the air (7), shot down to sea level (8), and veered to skim the swell (9). Odysseus and Hermes, who is wearing ambrosial, golden (3) sandals, which signifies his divine godly position, both possess brilliant godlike features, but differ in that Odysseus is a man of the mortal world while Hermes is immortal. However, although Odysseus and Hermes share common characteristics, in this passage, Odysseus is portrayed as a pitiable human with eyes wet scanning the bare horizon of the sea (42) who is in need of help from a higher being. The image of Hermes rescuing Odysseus is painted with the accompaniment of the seas and personified as the gull patrolling between the wave crests of the desolate sea (9-10). The desolate, barren sea suggests Odysseus loss of hope, loss of perseverance, and loss of will to survive, where the gull, Hermes, swoops down and douse his wings (11) to set Odysseus back on track along his journey home. All of this imagery imparts not only an in-depth depiction of the relationship between the lowly mortal of Odysseus and the glorified immortal being of Hermes, but also reinforces the deepness of his tragedy and depth of his sorrow. With the arrangement of structure, an understanding of the central idea can be communicated where both repetitions of common sounds are used and the order of the passage is recognized to grasp the fundamental concept of Odysseus survival. The repetitive use of s sounds is displayed within every line of the passage and as the poem is being spoken aloud, the s sounds transmits the serenity of the language but at the same time uncertainty of his undetermined fate. Each line is comprised of at least one s sound and can go to as many as four, for instance, scented the farthest shore with cedar smoke (18). The use of s sounds not only bestows the calmness of the atmosphere and the indecisiveness of what is yet to come, but also conveys Odysseus situation of captivity of being held back from his freedom against his own will as a thousand times before (40). The structure of mood within the passage enhances the extremity of Odysseus need for guidance from the gods. With the help of s sounds, the mood is displayed as tranquil and peaceful throughout the beginning of the passage but transitions into a sorrowful mood when Odysseus who sat apart racked with his own heart groaning and with eyes wet, is mentioned. The order of the mood change establishes the atmosphere to the central idea of freedom and Odysseus need for the assistance of a higher being for the outcome of his future. Homer successfully led us to develop a certain predetermined picture of Odysseus journey with the excessive amount of pain and sorrow he endured throughout his voyage home. One of the major themes of The Odyssey is the belief that man cannot escape the destiny which has been fated for him by the gods. Destiny plays an imperative role in the survival of Odysseus throughout his adventures. Finally, after seven years of languishing in Calypsos island, with the help of Hermes, Odysseus continues on with his journey and follows his fate the gods bestowed upon him. Through diction, structure, nature and contrasting imagery, as well as the relationship between mortal and immortals, the theme of mans act of will to survive and the struggle for freedom with the additional help of others is visibly recognized. Some people believe they can make it through life on their own two feet, but at times, the waterway in the course of life needs the assistance of a strong current to push us along and guide us to surpass the slow, immobile areas along the channels to our destination.

The Writing Strategy Brainstorming English Language Essay

The Writing Strategy Brainstorming English Language Essay Brainstorming is a creative problem solving method developed by Alex F. Osborn. It is a tool used to promote ideas created in groups rather and individually. Brainstorming was created by Osborn to allow his company to develop creative ideas as a group since they were struggling to meet this goal individually. Brainstorming has been successful when applied in different environment settings such as in the field of business, government, industries, and in education. Brainstorming can be used to express ideas on issues to engage in, create possible solutions for problems, and offer a variety of approaches to use, or opinions on actions to take. We use brainstorming in the classroom to stimulate ideas on topics for writing, reading, problem solving in math, science, and social studies. Brainstorming in education can start as early as Kindergarten. Not only does brainstorming offer a variety of opinions and ideas from the students, but it also improves the peer interaction in the classroom . Students communicate with each other, give their thoughts and opinions on broad categories, and work together to problem solve. Brainstorming can be used in small groups, and as a whole class group to combine ideas and create list based on everybodys suggestions. Small group interaction has long been cited as an effective teaching technique. This interaction is of importance because the pupil has the opportunity to become actively involved in the process of learning. (Wood, 2001) Brainstorming can be used throughout all the academic subjects in school, but it is crucial when used in writing. It is a strategy that can be used in the planning stage of writing. In the planning stage students begin to organize their thoughts. Class discussions such as brainstorming together can establish the topic, type, purpose, and audience of the composition. Rodriques states that prewriting activities, including group brainstorming, are the most important part of the writing process. (Rodriques, 1 983) There are two ways for people to communicate with each other by writing and speaking. Writing allows students to express their feelings and thoughts as well as to communicate with one another. Writing skills are essential for students to develop and brainstorming assists students in writing. Brainstorming is highly recommended to allow students to create list of ideas and topics they can use to write. Brainstorming facilitates the writing process and prevents writing blockage. Many time students have difficulties in writing because they havent established topics or ideas, by brainstorming together the students come up with ideas they can build on when writing. Brainstorming is a very beneficial strategy since it can help a team encourage creativity, rapidly produces a large number of ideas, equalize involvement of all the team members, and foster a sense of ownership. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of brainstorming when writing. One study created by Orson concluded that a group using brainstorming produced 44% more useful ideas than individuals thinking up suggestions without the benefit of group discussion. A review of brainstorming research was conducted and it concluded that 16 studies found support for the productivity of brainstorming versus contributing ideas individually. (Isaksen, 1998) The overall outcome of the Isaken review determined that based on the studies compiled brainstorming groups produced more ideas than individuals working alone. A study conducted by Troaia and Graham examined the effectiveness of planning strategies for writing in fourth and fifth graders with learning disabilities. Twenty fourth and fifth grade students with learning disabilities from two suburban elementary schools in Atlanta participated in this study. The participants were divided into the experimental treatment group and th e comparative treatment group. The experimental treatment group received advance planning strategy instruction of goal setting, brainstorming, and organizing. The comparative treatment group received a modified version of process writing instruction. This approach is compatible with the process writing instruction that students regularly receive in the classroom. The study showed that the students who received more time planning stories and brainstorming ideas before writing, produced stories that were qualitatively better. A month after the instruction had ended students who were taught the planning strategies maintained their advantage in story quality, but also produced longer stories than those produced by their peers who were just taught the writing process. The results tell me that teachers need to promote brainstorming during the planning stage of the writing process. Teachers need to teach students the rules of brainstorming by providing constant modeling, plenty of opportunities to practice brainstorming, and scaffolding. Teachers need to provide students with explicit directions on how to use the brainstorming process. It is very important that teachers not only teach students how to brainstorm together, but also teach them the guidelines for an effective brainstorming session. Teachers need to emphasize that judgment of ideas is not allowed, eccentric ideas are encouraged, a large quantity of ideas is preferred, and students should build on one anothers ideas. Being a first grade teacher I know the importance of building the students writing skills early and preparing them for the future. I have seen many teachers in many grades not promoting writing as much as other subjects. I believe that in first grade writing is as equally imp ortant as reading. Students are reading to write and writing to read. Reading and writing are interdependent to each other and the success of leaning this is very beneficial for students. Teachers need to know that in order for students to develop strong literacy skills, they need to combine reading and writing instruction and create reading and writing activities. Lesson Plan Objective: When given a writing prompt, students will use the brainstorming process and steps of the writing process to write a story. Participants: 2nd grade students in an inclusion classroom Materials: writing paper, white board or chart tablet paper, marker and writing utensils. Steps: The teacher tells the students they are going to learn a new strategy today called brainstorming. The teacher provides the students with more details on the brainstorming process including the rules and guidelines of using this process. The teacher will remind the students that brainstorming is done in the planning stage of the writing process. The teacher models the strategy for the students following all the steps and providing plenty of examples on this strategy. The teacher asks the students for feedback of the process and answers students questions. The teacher will then break up the students in groups of 4 to practice this strategy. The teacher will make one person from the group a leader and another person the secretary. The leaders role is to make sure the group stays on topic and everyone is participating. The secretarys role is to write down ideas the group is providing. The teacher reminds the students that the guidelines are to rule out critical judgment, eccentric ideas are encouraged, a large quantity of ideas are preferred, and that they should build on one anothers ideas. The teacher provides the students with a practice prompt to allow them to practice this strategy. This also allows them to experiment with the process and ask questions they may have now that they are practicing the strategy. After 15 minutes of practicing the teacher calls the students back to the carpet to talk about what they experienced and to try to fix any problems that might have come up as they were working together. The teacher then gives the students the prompt that they will be writing for their composition: Pretend you are visiting Santas workshop the week before Christmas. Write a story to your friends describing what the workshop is like. Make sure you provide details of things you saw, people you met, things you ate, and what you did during your adventure. Remember to start your story with an exciting topic sentence to captivate the attention of your friends. Dont forget to use beginning, middle, and end in your story as well as plenty of adjectives. Check your writing for correct grammar, punctuation, and capitalization. Use the editing checklist to help you with your writing. The teacher separates the students back into their groups and ask them to brainstorm ideas that can be used with this prompt. The teacher leaves the prompt on the board to allow students to refer to it as they are coming up with their ideas. Once again the students are reassigned to their roles of leaders and secretaries. The students are given 20 min to come up with ideas. After 20 minutes, the students come together to the carpet to report their ideas. Each group states their ideas as the teacher writes them down on a chart paper. After all the groups have said their ideas, the teacher reviews all the ideas from the chart paper. The chart paper is displayed throughout the writing process so students can refer to it as needed. The teacher reviews the rest of the writing process stages: planning, drafting, revising and editing, and the final draft. The teacher also reviews the rubric that will be used to grade their stories. The teacher provides the students with examples and non examples on ways to receive a 4 on their writing. The students go back to their desk and for the next four days work on the completion of their composition. The students are given a self check and peer editing checklist to use during the revising and editing process. After they have completed their composition the teacher asks for volunteers to present their stories in the authors chair. Evaluation: The students will be evaluated using a writing rubric. Writing Checklist Authors Name: _________________ Title of Work: _________________ Peers Name: ___________________ Directions: Use this checklist to check over your paper. Mark the column with a Æ’Â ¼ after you have checked the paper carefully. Then have a peer complete the Peer Editor column and mark the column with a Æ’Â ¼ as they check your paper. Author Peer Editor Checklist Items  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Is the prompt followed correctly?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Does the writing make sense?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Does the paper have complete sentences?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Do sentences start with a capital letter?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Are proper nouns capitalized?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Do sentences have ending marks?  Ã‚ ±  Ã‚ ± Are words spelled correctly?

Are You, Guilty by Suspicion? (Movie Review) Essay -- essays research

Are You, Guilty by Suspicion? (Movie Review)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie Guilty by Suspicion was not your average â€Å"action-packed† Matrix. In this movie, David Merrill (played by Robert DeNiro,) is a successful director. Everything seems to be fine, until his past starts catching up with him. Now he’s wanted for possibly being a Communist. As boring as this would sound to the average teenager, I actually liked it. Take for example the scene where he first sees his son. He gave him a brand new toy car and you could clearly see he loved his little boy. I liked this scene because it showed Mr. Merrill was a considerate and caring person†¦not a cold, raging beast. In another part of the movie when his friend Red had a sort of â€Å"breakdown† in her trailer, David came through for he...

Personal Narrative- Cousins Death :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Cousin's Death It is amazing how many things we take for granted. We make plans for the day, and don't think twice about how those plans can be taken away in the blink of an eye. I never thought much about it myself, until I was faced with the shock, and undeniable truth of my cousin's death. I don't think anyone really thinks about tragedy until they are actually faced with shocking news. My mom had been going to school in Greeley and staying at my Aunt Margaret's house . She had been away for two weeks and wanted to come home for the Fourth of July weekend. My mom had suggested that I go back with her and visit colleges, shop, go to movies and just spend time together. I had been feeling pretty sorry for myself since she had been gone. I had been working alot as a maid and helping my dad run the house, I was getting very irritated with my siblings as I felt that I was the only family member doing my part to help my dad. I was really excited to have a week with my mom to myself. The whole ride over we were talking about what I wanted to do that week. Making plans and having "me time" seemed very important at the time. I woke up Tuesday morning excited for the day I was going to spend with my mom. I was sitting at the kitchen table drinking fresh coffee listening to my mom and aunt tease and joke around about how paranoid my mom was about doing well in her classes, my aunt was telling her that maybe now that I was there, she would relax a little bit and have some fun. Our plan was to go to one of mom's classes with her, and then on a tour of UNC and then we were going to go to dinner and a movie. We were interrupted by a phone call from my dad. My mom was still joking and in a silly mood when she started talking to my dad. Suddenly the conversation turned from joking to dead silence and my mom started crying. She tearfully asked, "Is she ok? Was she alone?" I was thinking my sister went riding and fell off her horse or that something had happened to my grandma.

NCMMOD4CA

The Far East business communication differs from European and American styles. Culture, religious traditions and unique Eastern values have a great impact on the personal style of negotiators and their behavior patterns. Different nations stress different aspects of the negotiations. Some of them underline substantive issues directly related to the agreement while others stress relationships. Martin et al (1999) identify four main stages of negotiation process: â€Å"relationship building;  Ã‚   exchange of information, persuasion and compromise, and concessions and agreement†. At the beginning stage of negotiations, the unique issues of the Far East business communication are importance of detailed information about business partners, asking probing questions, importance of socializing and exchange of information. Asians prefer to spend time asking questions about financial, market, manufacturing, and personal issues relevant to the negotiation. Before the meeting, Asians spend time searching for infomation about the business partner and his business relations. â€Å"The Japanese admire people who are well informed, sincere, honest, and serious about their work† (Paik, Tung 1999). Socialization involves development of personal relations with business partner. In contrast to American businessmen, Asians logic is based on spiral or non-linear bases, holistic and cyclical approaches. â€Å"Asian managers tend to analyze issues in a more systemic, circular, and interactive way as compared with American managers who often examine issues based on linear causality† (Paik, Tung 1999). In contrast to Europeans and Americans, Asians do not use argumentation and persuasive reason during negotiations.   For Asians, time is â€Å"nonlinear, repetitive and associated with events†. For Americans, time is â€Å"monochronic, sequential, absolute and prompt† (Paik, Tung 1999). For Asian businessmen, working to a common goal is the most important feature of the negotiations. This means the development of a long-term relationship. Japanese conduct negotiation in a nonlinear manner and in a distinctive style. The difference is found in motivation and the purpose of negotiations. For Americans, signing of a contrast means the final stage of negotiations while for Asians signing of a contrast implies â€Å"the beginning of a long and productive relationship† (Paik, Tung 1999). At the final stage, Japanese businessmen are concerned with the end-results and relations rather than the length of negotiations. These variables shape the values and the behavior of Asian employees and enable researchers to explain differences in the way different countries conduct their business affairs. Also, â€Å"Asian managers find the constant rotation of people involved in the negotiation process as disruptive and confusing† (Paik, Tung 1999). In spite of great differences between American and the Far East styles, researchers prove that the personal style of Asian businessmen is a mixture of Europeans business norms and practices based on unique Eastern values and religion, psychological characteristics and cultural traditions. The Far East negotiator is patient and silent, introvert and tolerant, well-informed and friendly. He follows â€Å"an indirect and harmonious style†, oriented on the end results. Sometimes, his reasoning and argumentation seems illogic to Americans. They reflect emphasis on personal relations and strategic goals, importance of seniority and organizational hierarchy. For Asians, ‘listening’ attributes are the most important. â€Å"The primary persuasive tactics in the Japanese business negotiations appear to consist of volunteering of more information and the use of silence† (Martin et al 1999). Verbal communication is on the second place. Asians use both oral and written communication during negotiations. They can involve annual reports or press releases, provide a great deal of information about the type of project they want to launch. Oral communication helps to enhance task accomplishments; second, to make sense out of content; and third, to supply the bridge between parties. The first level involves cognitive meaning, which focuses on either/or choices. â€Å"Listening’ attributes take about 45 % of negotiations time while Verbal communication takes about 20%. Non-verbal communication involves handshaking and expression of emotions. During negotiations, many Asian businessmen use â€Å"extensive non-verbal means†. Europeans and Americans rely on empirical information, logical reasoning and argumentation (verbal communication) while Asians rely on sensitivity and intuition, non-verbal signs and facial expressions. For instance, â€Å"Nunchi refers to an ability to silently understand what the other party is thinking by reading non-verbal cues, a process similar to that used in a game of poker† (Paik, Tung 1999). The vast majority of nonverbal behaviors is intuitive and is based on normative rules. Except for behaviors such as good manners or etiquette, little formal training is provided for nonverbal communication. In Asian meetings, verbal communication is highly structured and is reinforced through an extensive formal and informal learning process. There is no clear-cut linguistic structure for nonverbal communication even though researchers have found some consistencies in how Asian people interpret nonverbal behaviors. It is possible to say that for Asians the process of negotiations is ceremony which helps to establish long-term relations and business partnership. In sum, national culture and culture of business relations have an influence on communication styles, interaction and behavior patterns of the Far East businessmen. The fundamental value is the dualistic existence innate within the Asian culture and a short-term view in many interventions. While mental representations certainly are not identical, particularly in cross-cultural interactions, message producers and receivers both add meaning to communicative exchanges. Spoken words of friendly greeting in another's language might well be translated properly by interpreters, yet cross-cultural communicators will still need to know the cognitive meaning of a friendly smile in contrast to a lascivious one. An understanding of how representations are formed is first required in order to acquire the necessary cognitive tools to make sense of cross-cultural communicative exchanges in Asia. Works Cited 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin, D., Herbig, P. Howard, C., Borstorff, P. At the table: Observations on Japanese Negotiation style. American Business Review. West Haven: Jan 1999, 17 (1): 65-71. 2.  Ã‚   Paik, Y., Tung, R.L. Negotiating with East Asians: How to attain â€Å"win-win† outcomes. Management International review. Wiesbaden: Second Quarter 1999, 39 (2): 103-122.